Does India Need a Legislation on Mediation?

In M.R. Krishna Murthi v. The New India Assurance Co. Ltd., Civil Appeal No. 2476-2477 of 2019, the Supreme Court in an Order dt. 05.03.2019, stated:

“We recommend to the Government to examine the feasibility of setting up MAMA by making necessary amendments in the Motor Vehicles Act itself. In fact, the way mediation movement is catching up in this country, there is a dire need to enact Indian Mediation Act as well...[Para 27] We impress upon the Government to also consider the feasibility of enacting Indian Mediation Act to take care of various aspects of mediation in general.” [Para 39(a)]

Earlier, the High Level Committee to Review Institutionalisation of Arbitration Mechanism in India recommended in 2017: “The Government may consider the feasibility of having a standalone legislation for mediation after debate and discussions with the relevant stakeholders.” (p. 85).

So there have been calls for a legislation on mediation. Some mediation practitioners have argued that the present mediation regime is good enough and unnecessarily enacting a legislation will make mediation rigid. The answer lies somewhere between these extreme positions.

Mediation & Conciliation

Mediation in India refers to the method of alternative dispute resolution where a neutral third person attempts to make the parties settle the dispute. While both mediation and conciliation are similar, there is an important and crucial difference between mediation and conciliation: in mediation, the mediator does not propose settlement, rather she creates an atmosphere to enable parties propose and settle the dispute. This has significant implications on the legitimacy of the process and a sense of complete control of the parties over the dispute and its resolution.

Legal Regime on Mediation in India

The legal regime on mediation in India primarily leans towards court annexed mediation, which has been established through the Legal Services Authority Act, 1987. Section 89 of the CPC also discusses the role of ADR and mediation in civil suits. Supreme Court in Afcons Infrastructure and other decisions have construed Section 89 but lower courts hardly follow the provision as construed by Afcons Structure in the spirit of the provisions. Court fee statutes of several states provide that in case parties amicably settle their civil suit through Lok Adalat established under the Legal Services Authority Act, 1987, a part or the entire court fee is refunded. 

Apart from this, several statutes provide for mediation. Most laws provide for mediation as an optional mechanism of dispute resolution while some contemplate compulsory reference to mediation. Examples are the Commercial Courts Act, 2015 and the Hindu and the Special Marriage laws.   

Existing Problems with the Present Mediation Regime

It is common knowledge that the present regime on mediation suffers from several problems, some of which are listed below:

• Different frameworks for different types of mediation (Settlement agreements reached through private commercial mediation under the Commercial Courts Act, 2015 is an award u/s. 30(4) of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 while such a status is endowed to settlement agreements reached through private commercial mediation outside the Commercial Courts Act, 2015. 
• There is compulsory mediation in certain cases (commercial disputes and family disputes) while in other cases there is none in certain other types of disputes (motor vehicles, property).
• Each operating in its own field
• There is no specialised training depending on the kind of dispute to be handled? Family mediations and commercial mediations might entail different skill-sets.
• There is no privacy in court annexed mediation in family cases. Too many people surround the disputing parties and they may not be able to come forward and discuss the happenings of their bedroom in front of all these people!

The Dispute Resolution Wish List

The call for a mediation legislation is not good enough. As Dr APJ Abdul Kalam said, we should dream higher and higher. Following is a wish list regarding alternative dispute resolution. 

Need for a Holistic Dispute Resolution Code

India does not just need a mediation legislation; rather disputes should be seen holistically and an alternative dispute resolution code (ADRC) needs to be enacted combining all methods of ADR into one legislation. CPC should not be disturbed but ADR legislations have to be combined in a code. The Alternative Dispute Resolution Code or the ADRC should cover the following aspects:

• There should be a central authority, which could lay down the best practices and minimum standards, and conduct research. It should not however empanel mediators and other dispute resolution professionals.
• It should provide fillip for specialised institutions all over the country providing various dispute resolution services.
• These institutions should enlist/ empanel experts in different fields and from different professions
• A dispute to be handled holistically.

Professional Training

The ADRC should enable professional training of the dispute resolution professionals. Professional training of dispute resolution professionals is an investment and hence it should be subsidised by the Government. Following are things that could be explored:

• There should be government sponsored training institutions which should provide training at nominal cost/ free. 
• Apart from the dispute resolution professionals such as arbitrators, conciliators, and mediators, psychological counsellors and dispute resolution managers should also be trained 
• Training in mediation & other ADR methods should be as a mandatory entry requirement for advocates, Government counsels, Legal officers in PSUs, designation as senior counsels, etc.
• Professional training should be open not only for lawyers but professionals from different fields
• There should be tax incentives for mediators, advocates, mediation institutions and training institutes
• Tapping hitherto untapped sources such as corporate counsel, junior advocates, and homemakers would also do a good deal in improving the dispute resolution process and at the same time provide employment opportunities to these people. 
• Holistic and specialized training to handle different kinds of disputes is necessary. Family dispute resolution is different from commercial dispute resolution even if the method of dispute resolution is the same.

Appropriateness 

Of all the important things of any reform on the dispute resolution processes, it is important to ensure that law provides for an appropriate dispute resolution mechanism as a default choice. It cannot be said that in all cases will a method be the only appropriate one. Practitioners have recognised for a long time that certain ADR processes are more appropriate in certain cases than others. For instance, in family disputes, mediation is more appropriate. Similarly, in Motor Vehicles & Insurance Disputes, Conciliation/ Ombudsman/ AI Based are better methods. In commercial Disputes, both mediation and conciliation are appropriate. Cases involving serious fraud are better resolved through litigation. It should be possible to make a list of types of disputes and appropriateness of dispute resolution process for those disputes. This entails a lot of research but is not impossible. 

Negative incentives for rejection of settlement offers and ADR offers

At present there are no statutory rules which provide negative incentives in case settlement and ADR offers are unreasonably rejected. Too much discretion in award of costs is provided. But this option should be explored and would nudge the parties towards settlement. Settlement is in the interest of justice and the advantages of settlement for parties & legal system is well known. 

Rejection of settlement offer during litigation/ arbitration should be for right reasons. If a party rejects settlement offer, but loses or is awarded compensation lesser than the amount offered through settlement, costs should be awarded accordingly. English Law, Civil Procedure Rules: Part 36 Offers contains detailed provisions in this regard and a similar set of provisions in India could be enacted.

Government/ PSU litigation and ADR

That Government is the largest litigant is cliche. Such general views are reductionist and completely ignore the varied nature of Government litigation. For instance, a contractual dispute involving a public sector undertaking is totally different form a tax authority filing an appeal against a tribunal's adverse decision. 

The important question in this context is: how can Government settle disputes? Banks have the concept of One Time Settlement where fixed policies exist on when-how-why to settle. Such a policy is absent in the case of Public Sector Undertakings. So there is a dire need for Government bodies to evolve settlement policies and mechanisms. Clear guidelines balancing transparency, eliminating corruption, and enabling amicable settlement of disputes should be laid down so that government officials can freely and transparently explore options for settlement.

ADR Research & Standards Institution

The ADR Code envisaged at the beginning of this post must establish a research and standards institution. What should the institution do?

• The Institution/ Centre of excellence should focus on research on dispute resolution, especially on the empirical aspects
• There should be regular publications of Guidelines, Best Practices, Model Rules, Codes of practice, Standard fee schedules, etc.
• It should lay down minimum or expected standards on various ADR related aspects.
• There should be collection of statistics from dispute resolution bodies & institutions.
• Dispute resolution institutions should necessarily publish statistics pertaining to disputes handled by it subject, of course, to confidentiality and the ADR Research Institution should also publish regular reports on the data collected.

Mediation Related Issues that Require Focus

Whatever may be the reforms undertaken vis-a-vis dispute resolution, the following areas in mediation deserve immediate attention:

• What are the boundaries of confidentiality & privilege? Whether the following could be regarded as exceptions to confidentiality in mediation? 
• Prevention of physical or psychological injury?
• Prevention or revelation of commission or concealment of crime?
• Threat to a party?
• when proceedings against the mediator are filed for negligence or misconduct in mediation?
• Mediator independence, conflict of interest, and immunity
• Regulating ADR Professionals. The lapsed 2018 Bill for further reforms in arbitration contemplates an Arbitration Council of India? Shouldn't it be ADR Council of India (and less intrusive)?
• Private Mediation and Limitation Periods also needs addressing. Bona fide efforts at settlement should be encouraged. There is uncertainty as to whether bona fide efforts at settlement could be considered as stopping time from running during settlement discussions. This needs clarity and is a good enough ground for stopping time from running. 
• In order to provide incentives and less formality to mediation and conciliation, settlement agreements should be stamp duty-free.
• There is a debate as to whether privately mediated settlment agreements should be considered as an award. Most end up stating that these should be. Caution must be exercised. There are serious chances of misuse of the process. 

Conclusion

To conclude, dispute resolution processes are operating as islands. Dispute is required to be seen holistically and concerted action is required to address disputes. There is a need for a dispute resolution code/ ADR Code covering mediation, conciliation, arbitration, lok adalat, and their variants. It is necessary that issues relating to mediation such as confidentiality, etc. as noted above should be addressed. Institutions should publish institutional statistics & statistics of ADR professionals. These reforms could go a long way in providing for an efficient and effective dispute resolution system. Most importantly, ADR should not be seen as a mode of reducing pendency of court cases; rather it should be viewed as ensuring that the disputing parties resolve their disputes with least costs and as soon as possible.  

Tribunal Secretaries as a New Career Opportunity for Young Lawyers in India

Who is a tribunal secretary?

Administrative support to arbitral proceedings, especially in the documents intensive and high stakes arbitrations,  is important. "Administrative" support ranges from interacting with the parties regarding administrative matters to sending letters/ documents, maintaining the documents. Administrative support might sometimes even concern drafting procedural orders, etc. A tribunal secretary performs this role on behalf of the tribunal, thus ensuring that the tribunal's focus is on adjudication rather than on performing these mundane but important tasks.

It is important to note that the parties are deemed to have appointed the tribunal to adjudicate the disputes between them and so the tribunal secretary should not ideally perform any adjudicatory function on behalf of the tribunal. Therefore, there are certain duties that should be consented to, expressly or impliedly, by the parties.

What are the functions of a tribunal secretary?

Following could be regarded as the broad functions of a tribunal secretary:

• Sending and receiving communications on behalf of the tribunal.
• Maintaining the arbitration record, including the documents, of the arbitration, in various forms- soft and hard copies
• Conducting legal research on behalf of the tribunal
• Drafting the non-substantive (which records adjudication by the tribunal) parts of procedural orders and awards. 
• Keep a record of the costs and manage pre-deposits made by the tribunal for costs.
• Organising hearings and also meetings of the tribunal.
• Take notes of the proceedings and keeping tab of time
•  Proof reading the draft orders, directions and award(s) for typo and other errors, errors in references in citations, etc.

Who can become a tribunal secretary?

Anybody with sufficient training can become a tribunal secretary. However, lawyers can play an important role in acting as tribunal secretaries considering their knowledge of arbitration and the procedures involved therein. Lawyer-secretaries could also aid the tribunal in drafting and research, wherever permissible. 

What is its scope in India?

There is a small increase in the cost of arbitral proceedings due to appointment of tribunal secretaries but it is value for money as they make life far easier for the parties and the arbitral tribunal and ensure that the arbitration process is carried out with amount of hassles. 

In India where most of the arbitrations are ad hoc, using professional and well-trained tribunal secretaries will help immensely in managing and expediting arbitrations. Legally trained tribunal secretaries can play an important role where the tribunal consists of non-lawyers. Arbitral institutions can also have a panel of tribunal secretaries who can help the tribunal in administrative matters. 

As India strives to become a global force on arbitration, it is important to ensure a steady supply of well-qualified and trained tribunal secretaries in order to meet the increasing demand for tribunal secretaries. Tribunal secretaries would play a major role in bigger arbitrations.

What is the Way Forward? 

It is high time that standards organisations and arbitral institutions begin training programmes in India on tribunal secretaries. Government can publish a discussion paper on tribunal secretaries. But the arbitral institutions such as the MCIA, NPAC, etc. should come up with a proper training course on tribunal secretaries. In the interest of developing the pool of tribunal secretaries in India, they should come up with proper training programmes for tribunal secretaries. 

Young lawyers with practice below 5-7 years are in dire need of learning and earning opportunities. If they are trained well enough, India could have a pool of about 50-100 tribunal secretaries in every District in India, who can be ambassadors of how arbitrations can be professionally conducted in India. Following are a list of things that could be done:

• Arbitral institutions should begin to train young professionals on tribunal secretaries.
• Arbitral institutions should maintain a pool of well-qualified and trained professionals who can act as tribunal secretaries
• Arbitral tribunals and High Court annexed arbitral institutions should begin to use the secretaries.
• Awareness programmes should be conducted on tribunal secretaries and their role in the arbitration process

As recommended in this post and this paper, amendments need to be introduced to the Arbitration law to recognise and bring in the concept of tribunal secretaries in India.

Call for Papers: NLSIR

Call for Papers: The National Law School of India Review

About NLSIR

The National Law School of India Review (NLSIR) is now accepting submissions for its upcoming issue – Volume 32(1). The NLSIR is the flagship law review of the National Law School of India University, Bangalore, India. The NLSIR is a bi-annual, student edited, peer-reviewed law journal providing incisive legal scholarship on issues that are at the forefront of contemporary legal discourse. In the past 31 years, the NLSIR has regularly featured articles authored by judges of the Indian Supreme Court, senior counsels practicing at the Indian bar, and several renowned academics from national and foreign universities.

The most recent volume of the NLSIR, Vol. 31, will feature contributions by Professor Anthony Cassimatis (TC Beirne School of Law, Australia), Professor Philippe Cullet (School of Oriental and African Studies, London) and Professor Kalpana Kannabiran (Council for Social Development, Hyderabad), among several others. Moreover, NLSIR has the distinction of being cited twice by the Supreme Court of India, with the latest one in the landmark judgment in Justice K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India. NLSIR has also recently been cited in Justice R. S. Bachawat’s Law of Arbitration and Conciliation, a leading treatise on arbitration law in India.

Submission Categories                                         

Submissions are accepted for the following categories:

1. Long Articles: Between 5,000 and 10,000 words. Papers in this category are expected to engage with the theme and literature comprehensively, and offer an innovative reassessment of the current understanding of that theme. It is advisable, though not necessary, to choose a theme that is of contemporary importance. Purely theoretical pieces are also welcome.
2. Essays: Between 3,000 and 5,000 words. Essays are far more concise in scope. These papers usually deal with a very specific issue and argue that the issue must be conceptualized differently. They are more engaging and make a more easily identifiable, concrete argument.
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4. Case Notes and Legislative Comments: Between 1,500 and 2,500 words. This is an analysis of any contemporary judicial pronouncement or a new piece of legislation whether in India or elsewhere. The note must identify and examine the line of cases in which the decision in question came about and comment on implications for the evolution of that branch of law. In case of legislative comment, the note must analyze the objective of the legislation and the legal impact the same is expected to have.

All word limits are exclusive of footnotes. The journal is flexible regarding the word count depending on the quality of the submission. Pieces in any of the above categories with relevance to India or Indian law are particularly welcome. This, however, is not a pre-requisite.  

Formatting and Citation Guidelines

The body of the manuscript should be in Times New Roman, font size 12 with 1.5 line spacing. The footnotes should be in Times New Roman, font size 10 with single line spacing.

The manuscript should contain only footnotes (and not end notes) as a method of citation. Citations must conform to OSCOLA (Oxford University Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities) (4^th edn.) style of citation.

Authors are required to adhere to the NLSIR Style Guide which can be found here.

How to submit?

The NLSIR only accepts electronic submissions. Submissions may be emailed to mail.nlsir@gmail.com under the subject heading “32(1) NLSIR - Submission”. All submissions must contain the following:

1. The manuscript in .doc or .docx format. The manuscript should not contain the name of the author or his/her institutional affiliation or any other identification mark.
2. A separate cover letter in .doc or .docx format containing the name of the author, professional information, the title of the manuscript, and contact information.
3. An abstract of not more than 150 words.

NLSIR is accepting submissions on a rolling basis.

NLSIR shall shortly release a call for papers for Volume 32(2). This volume is based on the theme of our Annual Symposium.

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Subscribe to the NLSIR                 

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Call for Submissions : Trade, Law and Development

Trade, Law and Development

Call for Submissions

Issue 11.2 | Winter ’19

The Board of Editors of Trade, Law and Development is pleased to invite original, unpublished manuscripts for publication in the Winter ’19 Issue of the Journal (Vol. 11, No. 2) in the form of Articles, Notes, Comments and Book Reviews.

Manuscripts received by September 30, 2019 pertaining to any area within the purview of international economic law will be received for publication in the Winter ’19 issue.

Founded in 2009, the philosophy of TL&D has been to generate and sustain a constructive and democratic debate on emergent issues in international economic law and to serve as a forum for the discussion and distribution of ideas. Towards these ends, we have published works by noted scholars such as Dr. Prof. Ernst Ulrich Petersmann, Prof. Steve Charnovitz, Prof. Petros Mavroidis, Prof. Mitsuo Matsuhita, Prof. Raj Bhala, Prof. Joel Trachtman, Gabrielle Marceau, Simon Lester, Prof. Bryan Mercurio, and Prof. M. Sornarajah among others. TL&D also has the distinction of being ranked the best journal in India across all fields of law for seven consecutive years by Washington and Lee University, School of Law [The Washington & Lee Rankings are considered to be the most comprehensive in this regard].

Manuscripts may be submitted via e-mail or ExpressO. For further information about the journal please click here. For submission guidelines, please click here.

In case of any queries, please feel free to contact us at: editors[at]tradelawdevelopment[dot]com.

LAST DATE FOR SUBMISSIONS: September 30, 2019

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